Mount Papandayan: Exotic place in Garut

Mount Papandayan is a complex stratovolcano, located in Garut Regency,  West Java, Indonesia. At the summit, there are four large crater, and it contains active fumarole fields. The 1772 eruption caused the northeast flank to collapse, producing a catastrophic debris avalanche that destroyed 40 villages and killed nearly 3000 people. It truncated the volcano into a broad shape with two peaks and a flat 1.1 km wide of Alun-Alun crater in the middle, making it look like a twin volcano. One of the peaks is called Papandayan and the other is Mount Puntang.

Since 1772, only small  phreatic eruptions had occurred prior to an explosive eruptions that began in November 2002.Mount Papandayan is a large composite volcano. It is constructed of alternating layers of lava and ash, and other fragmental volcanic rock debris formed by explosive eruptions over the past several hundred years. A large horseshoe-shape crater extended to the northeast resulting in an avalanche deposit consisted of intermixed volcanic debris and alternated rocks, with steep-sided crater walls. Numerous small vents within the crater, known as Kawah Mas, Kawah Baru, Kawah Nangklak, Kawah Manuk and many other with solfatras emitting smoke and hot fumes from its inner sides.

Exploring Papandayan's active crater offers you a very unusual experience.  A descent of rough lava and black ash is punctuated by bright yellow pockets of sulphur, while hissing acid rivulets and hot mud pools making outlandish belching noises compound the alien effects.

Kawah Mas on the "Golden Crater" is the Papandayan's 150 meter-wide central dome.  Here roaring fumaroles, sounding like jet engines exude scorhing vapor, and the residual heat from previous eruptions glows ominously in the volcano's interior.  It's a 20 minutes walk to the middle of the crater from the car park.

From the top you get a good view into Papandayan's acid-spewing throat.  Watch your step in this area; the ground is uneven and dotted with percolating mud pools.

After visiting this unique, you may feel like having a picnic in the fresh breeze.  Climb up the left side of Kawah Mas, if facing the road, where a 15 minutes walk leads up to a small paleau with a lovely view over the Garut plateau.

If you want to visit Mount Papandayan, please send email to us at dean.ghaaziy@gmail.com

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Getting Off Course: Things to Remember if Lost on a Hike

Many people think they know what to do if they get lost while camping or hiking yet hundreds each year wander off into the woods unprepared, finding that they do not have the tools that they need to survive in the wild. When you are going to be going off into the woods for a camping or hiking trip, even if you are only going a little ways away to gather firewood or explore a new trail, make sure that you have your survival kit on you in case you get lost.

Even the most attentive adult can find that they have wandered off the beaten trail, and finding your way back can be more difficult than you anticipate. Before you set off into the woods, make sure that you have a pack prepared with food like energy bars or trail mix to keep you moving, plenty of water, dry, protected matches, a space blanket to keep you warm and to signal for help during the day, an LED flashlight or LED lantern for use at night, a compass, and the best survival knife that you can find or afford.

You will want an LED flashlight instead of a regular flashlight for several reasons. For one thing, the LED flashlight, even a mini LED flashlight, will burn brighter than a traditional light, making you easier to spot. The LED light will also use less battery power, so that your flashlight lasts longer, and your bulb will burn for many times longer than a traditional bulb, meaning that you won’t have to remember to change bulbs out between trips.

You will need to start out with food and water, however if you are stuck in the wilds for very long, you will need to know how to catch and eat animals for food or how to find food naturally in your area. Local guides will be able to tell you which plants are good to eat and which are not, and will even be able to tell you what kinds of animals are prevalent in your area, increasing your chances of setting the right traps or of hunting the right spots. For these pursuits, you will need a survival knife or a folding pocket knife.

Survival knives are supposed to be able to handle just about anything that you need them to do, from sawing through branches that can be used to make a shelter to catching and cleaning animals for food or digging for roots. These knives can be simple small pocket knives as long as they get the job done, but keep in mind that skimping on your knife could mean skimping on the tool best suited to ensure your survival.

Once you realize that you are lost, it is time to stop moving. Rescuers will begin to look for you where you were last known to be, so wandering farther away could delay a successful rescue. If you know where civilization is, however, then take out your compass and make your way back to the road or the trail.

If you are waiting for help to arrive, lay out colorful clothing or your space blanket in an area that is easy to see from above so that rescuers can find you from the air. You will need to keep your food and water as long as possible, so start looking for food and water sources right away, and do not be shy about setting up camp by making a shelter and covering it with your bright clothing. You need to keep warm and dry in order to preserve your energy. Above all remember to stay calm, and you will find yourself safe in no time.

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5 Basic Safety Tips for Hikers

You probably don't think of hiking as being a dangerous activity and indeed ninety-nine percent of the time it's anything but dangerous and provides millions of people with a great deal of pleasure and often a sense of adventure. It's easy to forget however that you are often out in the wilderness and far away from civilization and so, when accidents do happen, even quite minor accidents can quickly become serious if you're not prepared.

Here are just a few basic safety tips to ensure that your hiking trips don't land you in trouble.

Tip No1 - Consider taking a partner of friend along.

If you're going for a short hike in a nearby area which is a well-traveled area with easy terrain then there's often no need to worry about heading out alone. However, if you are hiking through wild country, perhaps heavily forested areas with winding trails and steep canyons, then the possibility of getting lost or sustaining injury becomes very real and you should consider carefully whether or not you are wise to head out on your own.

Taking a partner along can have many advantages, especially if that partner is an experienced hiker.

At it's simplest 'two heads are better than one' and if you do get lost or run into difficulty you're much less likely to panic if you have somebody with you to help solve the problem. If you do sustain an injury then having somebody with you to administer first aid and, if necessary to go for help, can not only be useful, but can literally save your life.

Tip No 2 - Let somebody know where you're going.

As a novice hiker you should certainly stick to clearly marked and well traveled routes and should not start to stray from these routes and start 'exploring' until you have gained some experience and also had an opportunity to learn and practice the basics of map and compass work. However, it won't take you too long before you're ready to tackle some more adventurous hiking and, at that point, the possibility of getting lost or injured and needing help arises.

For this reason you should always tell somebody where you're going and when you expect to return so that they can send out a search party if you don't return as expected.

Tip No 3 - Take along some basic equipment.

While there's no need to take everything including the kitchen sink with you, it's a good idea to always carry a basic 'survival kit' with you and your local hiking club will be able to give you excellent advice on the sorts of items that this should include.

The sort of things we're talking about here might include matches and a lighter, a first aid kit, a good knife (something practical rather than a simply impressive one hundred gadget affair) and a flashlight.

It's also a good idea to have a map and compass with you and a fully-charged cell phone.

Tip No 4 - Take along some basic provisions.

Water or other fluids like sports drinks are clearly essential as you can lose a great deal of fluid even over a short period of time on a hot day. Dehydration can dramatically reduce your physical performance. You should remember however that water weighs about 8 lbs per gallon, so take enough but not too much.

If you're thinking about cutting down on the amount of water that you can carry and planning on drinking from local streams, then don't. Natural water sources may look inviting but they are often loaded with bacteria and can make you very sick very quickly.

Also take along enough food to last you. There's no pleasure in being hungry out on the trail but remember that you can last a lot longer without food than you can without water so, if it comes to a trade-off, carry more water and less food.

Tip No 5 - Use your common sense.

It's all too easy when you get out into the wilderness to get carried away with your own enthusiasm and try all sort of thing which, with hindsight, you quickly realize were just plain stupid. Mother Nature may be both beautiful and inviting, but she is also quite indifferent to your fate when you do something stupid

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What To Look For In A Camping Knife

When planning for a trip into the woods, there are many accessories that can make an adventure easier to enjoy. As you pack up the tent, gather snacks, food and drink, certain survival resources and tools will come in handy depending on the types of activities you wish to enjoy while roughing it in the wild. Sometimes overlooked during the packing of supplies, a camping knife allows individuals to perform a variety of tasks that range from survival to food preparation. Many considering the purchase of a camping knife should consider the following factors:

Type of Knife

There are two basic types of knife blades that a camper may choose to bring along: fixed or folding. Knives with a fixed blade are made from one solid piece of steel that is anchored to a handle. They come ready to use with a high level of durability and dependability. This type of knife works well to clean, skin or bone fish and also becomes of use when a campsite needs clearing of brush. A fixed knife also accompanies minor medical emergencies.

A folding blade is often referred to as a pocket knife and does not possess the same durability, but is convenient nonetheless. Some pocket knifes provide a camper with multiple blades, as well as additional contraptions, such as a variety of tools. A folding knife allows campers to complete woodworking projects, hunt, hike, perform first aid, and assist numerous camping tasks. The versatility and usefulness of a folding blade is also extended by its small, flexible, lightweight nature.

Purpose

During a camping trip, there are several different tasks that may arise. Whether it is preparing the fish you caught for dinner or opening a lukewarm beer, a camping knife can make life easier. For those seeking a multi-purpose knife for camping, they may want to side with a Swiss Army knife, which offers many different attached tools, such as scissors, locking Phillips screwdriver, universal hex wrench, tweezers, a corkscrew, and a bottle opener. For those looking for a study tool possessing a wealth of strength, a fixed camping knife should be selected.

Blade Length

To complete some of the most common camping tasks, a blade that measures 10 to 20 centimeters (or 4-8 inches) is often used. Sometimes a smaller blade will accommodate a camper in most of their situations.

Blade Thickness

Depending on the length of the knife, most camping selections offer a blade thickness of 3 to 6 millimeters (1/8 to 1/4 inch).

Blade Style (Material)

There are many different materials from which a blade is constructed from that can offer a wide-range of capabilities. Non-stainless blades are fashioned from carbon and alloy steels and offer a high level of toughness, but shows weakness towards rust. When two or more metals are used for the creation of a blade, it is called a Damascus. Although brittle, non-steels ceramic blades are non-corrosive. Titanium blades are also non-corrosive, as well as lighter than steel.

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What To Do If You Get Lost While Hiking

Ever have this feeling?: That tree looks a little familiar... or maybe not. Have you passed that bush already? Hey, where'd that rock come from? That wasn't there the last time. You could keep going, but the sun's sinking fast and it will be dark soon. Face it, you're lost.

You may have even had this experience happen to you, but you have always managed to find your course again with no problem. This time, though, the fear is nearly choking and it is not the situation you hoped you would be in. Relax. There are still a few things you can do to get your bearings again. Take a deep breath, clear your head and follow these steps.

First, it is very wise for you to take every precautionary measure you can to make sure you do not get lost in the first place. It does sound overly simple, but hikers often get lost due to poor planning. Be sure that you take a map with you. Make sure that it is an updated map, as trails and landmarks often change.

Bring two compasses with you. Many hikers have doubted their compass, so it is a good idea to have another one to compare it to. If they are both saying the same thing, trust them! If you have no prior experience with a compass, you can most likely find out all that you need to know at a local community center or outdoor store. Before you embark on your journey, you need to study a map of the area you will be traveling. Get to know the trails, streams, and mountains that will make up the land you are traveling.

It is also vitally important to tell someone you know that you are going to be hiking. This is important because it ensures that someone will notice your absence if you are lost for an extended period of time. You do not want to be missing without someone knowing that you are missing! Tell your family or friends exactly where you are going, and how long you plan to be there.

As you hike, take notice of all of the topography around you. Pay attention to ridges, summits, rivers, etc. These natural reference points just may end up saving your life. Again, make good use of your map and compasses. You have them, so use them. If you find yourself even the slightest bit unsure of where you are, access your map. Hikers often dig themselves a deeper hole by thinking that they can fix the situation on their own. Use the tools that you bring with you.

If you do find that you are becoming disoriented, stop. Take out your map and search your surroundings for a familiar landmark. Most of the time, people are able to regain their sense of direction by taking five minutes to study their map and surroundings. Five minutes is all it can take to prevent the situation from escalating into a more serious, dangerous matter.

If you have already tried backtracking to locate familiar landmarks and have had no success, S.T.O.P. - stop, think, observe and plan. Don't go any further and stay where you are. Getting distracted and changing your direction will only make things worse, so stay focused and calm. Panic will use up stores of energy that you might need later on.

If you have a whistle, blow it at timed intervals to alert rescuers. If you have to, start gathering materials for a rescue signal. At the very least it will keep you occupied and at the most you will have made something that rescuers could spot easily.

As with anything, the right amount of preparation, planning, and precautions will help you to avoid getting lost while hiking. If you do get lost, knowing what to do means you will have a better chance of being found or finding your way back. Prepare for the worst and hope for the best, as the saying goes. Knowledge is power and armed with that fact, you should have an enjoyable hiking experience.

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Rain Gear More Than Just Umbrellas

Remember not too long ago when getting your rain gear meant an umbrella and probably some rubber boots? Well, not any more! Now there are so many kinds of rain gear out there that it's hard to know which to choose from when you head to the closet to go out in the rain. Here are just a few examples of the many new types available these days:

Hunting gear - in every type of camouflage available on the market today, the avid hunter or outdoors person can find rain gear from pants and jackets to ponchos in their favorite camo pattern and style. For hunting, hiking, fishing, or just heading out to work in the yard, this kind of gear can also come in a wide variety of thicknesses and have many other added perks for those who might use it in heavily wooded areas or under harsher conditions than normal people.

Kid gear - for kids ages 0 - 100, you can find it with your favorite cartoon character, logos, colors, flowers, sports, pretty much anything! So, no matter if your little princess needs some pink princess rain gear or your little space invader needs some rainy alien fighting rain gear, you can find it out there today! Most come with hats and matching boots as well, so you're little angel will stay nice and dry, no matter how wet it is.

Adult gear - while the adult version isn't quite a fun as the kid's version, it is still just as useful. It also comes in a wide variety of colors and you can find styles from ponchos to pants and jackets too, it all depends on your preference and how you are going to use it.

Old trusty, the umbrella - of course, don't forget old trusty, your umbrella. These tried and true rain gear reliables are always great to keep in the car, office, or just by the door in case you need one to get to where you're going. So, no matter what other kind of rain gear you have, you should always keep an umbrella somewhere close by.

Basically, there are so many different types and colors of rain gear out there that it is almost impossible to name them all. Just remember that there is always something out there to fit your style, size, and needs, so don't get discouraged if one shop doesn't have just what you are looking for. Keep searching, you'll find that perfect rain gear for you and the entire family.

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Selecting the Right Hiking Gear Can Make all The Difference

Hiking is a wonderful way to explore the great outdoors. Fresh air and exercise is often lost in our busy city lives and hiking gives us a chance to get away from a hectic routine and refresh ourselves at the same time.

Shoes

To make sure a hiking trip goes well, proper selection of hiking gear should be given a lot of importance. Of all the things you should not leave behind on a hiking trip, good shoes should be first on your list. Hiking boots are specially designed for heavy duty hiking, but retain the comfort required for a grueling hike. Hiking boots will maintain your speed and stability, while avoiding any muscle aches or sprains.

Clothes

Though not always considered as hiking gear, clothes worn during hiking should be chosen carefully. If one dresses keeping the expected weather in mind, the trip will be much drier, warmer and enjoyable than ever. The fabrics used are made especially for the outdoors and are therefore breathable, while keeping the body warm at the same time.

Backpack

Next on the list of important hiking gear is a backpack. These can be chosen according to the environment they are to be used in. Wet, rainy trips require waterproof material, whereas mountaineering expeditions are better off with light weight rucksacks for better mobility. All in all, these backpacks are designed to fit in all the items needed for a hiking trip and are always better than any casual bag.

Other Stuff

There are numerous items which will be needed during the trip. Most of these things depend on the duration and the nature of the trip, but of the few must haves, taking a Swiss knife, a flash light, a pair of binoculars and climbing tools is essential.

If the trip is overnight, a tent is always the most helpful part of hiking gear. Apart from bad weather, a tent also protects you from dust, dampness and creepy crawlies. Tents are basically of two types, the three season ones can be used for general back packing, whereas the four season ones are made to endure extremes of temperature.

Taking too much hiking gear can also be a nuisance, because not only does it kill the purpose of experiencing nature, but every item adds to the load on your shoulders. Hiking is an experience to be enjoyed, if you have a good sense of direction, a liking for the outdoors, good hiking gear and of course a map .

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Wilderness Survival: The Basics

Have you ever been trapped out in the wilderness with nowhere to go? Have you ever wondered how you would survive? Most people will never have to think about the answers to these questions. However, to the few that get stuck in the wilderness these answers can mean life or death.

The first aspect with surviving in the wilderness is to figure out where you are. You may be thinking that this is impossible but it isn't really that hard. Just think about where you were headed and how you ended up in the wilderness. You may not know exactly where you are, but a general idea is better than nothing.

The next step should be to figure out just what supplies you have with you. You should try to take everything you need and only what is essential to your survival. If it doesn't help you get out alive then it's worthless at this point.

Your next step should be to think of your destination and where you need to go. Try to remember any important landmarks that you could have seen on your way in. If you know the ocean is to the west then you should follow the sun west and follow the ocean to a town. The ocean is a great place to follow because of the increased likelihood of finding food or rescue.

The next step you should take is to start your journey. Here are some basic tips for food and water:
Whenever you find water you should fill up your containers and carry what you can. You can survive longer without food than without water.
Berries and wild fruit should be eaten if it can be found.
If you come onto a tree that produces nuts then go ahead and crack them open. If you can't do it then find some rocks to assist you. Remember, by going ahead and breaking them open you will have more room in your sack for food and not uneatable parts.
Mushrooms should only be eaten as a last resort. I say this because some mushrooms can be harmful to your health. This holds true for any food but especially with mushrooms.
Wild game should be caught if and whenever possible. The protein from the animals will help give your body some strength.

Following these basic steps will help give you a start to surviving in the wilderness. However, if you really want to be prepared you should read up more on surviving and what is safe to eat. You should also carry a knife whenever you might be in an area where you could be stranded. It is always better to be over prepared than under prepared.

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Plan Your Safe Hiking Vacation

Most of the outdoor survival situations that occur can be prevented with a little preparation and planning. A survival situation is something that can happen to anyone, regardless of his or her experience or expertise in hiking. Survival situations don't always arise because someone is inexperienced or reckless. If you want to have the best time you can on your hiking vacation, while keeping yourself and your family as safe as possible, there certain steps you can take.

First and most important, be sure to leave a travel plan with someone at home. A travel plan lists the possible locations you expect to cover while on your hiking vacation. It does not have to be a detailed list. You can use a map and just mark the spots on it where you plan to be. If you leave a travel plan, then searchers will have an idea of where to look for you if you become lost.

Second, always carry a few basic items with you in case you have to spend the night on the trail. Take a garbage bag, a lighter, a whistle, a pocketknife, and a water bottle. This is the minimum number of essential items you should bring with you whether you are hiking for a day or for a week or longer. These items address the basic needs from shelter to water and heat. Depending on your outdoor activity, level of skill, and the climate you plan to hike in, you may need to carry more extensive equipment.

Third, be sure to pack something you can turn into a shelter quickly. A garbage bag is an example of such an item. It can be easily made into a shelter. Just cut a slit in the middle of the closed end and pull it over your head. This is a great solution to the problem, and a bag is easy to pack in a pocket. It only costs a few pennies, and it may save your life. Hypothermia can occur even in 50-degree weather, so it is critical that you have a way to make a quick shelter should the need arise.

Always carry a wool cap in your vehicle and your daypack. Eighty percent of your body heat leaves you if your head is exposed. You must always protect your head when you are hiking. If you don't have a cap, use a sock or a bandanna. You can wear anything on your head as long as it keeps your head warm.

Finally, make a habit of carrying at least three fire-making resources with you. Having a lighter is always a good idea, but having only one source of fire making while hiking is inadequate. Lighters may get wet, and then they won't light anymore. Also carry a spark rod and windproof matches in your pocket or pack. You are like to make a fire in rainy or otherwise bad weather. While this can be tricky, it can be done. Just collect dead twigs from evergreens like pines, firs, or spruces. These trees have a lot of resin so they will catch fire faster than other types of wood.

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Essential Hiking Equipment For Your Safety

Taking a hike means expecting the unexpected, so it is best to be prepared for some of the more common things that can occur on a daylong or weeks-long trek. There are some very useful items that you should always take with you any time you go hiking. bviously, you want to take a backpack. It contains EVERYTHING - the things you need to survive in the wilderness.

Most people remember to take a backpack, but it is surprising how many forget to think about taking some kind of rain cover. You may think that you just would not go hiking if it is raining, but you should consider the fact that, many times, a sunny day can turn rainy in an instant. Also, going for a hike on a rainy day will get you used to hiking in rain that is likely to occur when you take longer treks. Get a raincoat and include it in your day-hiking equipment.

You may think that you will only be gone a few hours, so why carry the weight of food, but it is always a good idea to have some food with you on a hike. You never know when a 2-hour hike will last longer than that. You might find an interesting trail and find yourself walking around in the woods for many hours. Ultimately, you will get hungry; so carry some food with you when you go hiking.

Your boots are critical. When choosing hiking equipment, remember that every pound of weight in your boots is equivalent to adding five pounds on your back. When you put too much weight on one part of your body, another part is sure to complain. The boots you wear depend on the kind of trail you are hiking. Many trails can be hiked with just a pair of sneakers on, but others can only be handled with serious and heavy hiking boots. Make your choice appropriately.

If you plan to hike in the rain, you should get a pair of gaiters. They prevent water from running down your legs and into your boots. If you have spent any time waterproofing your boots just to find all your efforts have gone to waste because you did not seal around the space where your legs go in, you will appreciate adding gaiters to your hiking equipment.

You should wear two pairs of socks. Having an outer sock made of wool and an inner sock made of polypropylene is a good combination. This method is effective in draining moisture from your feet, and every hiker should use it.

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Hiking - 3 Essential First Aid Techniques For Any Hiker

Every hiker should have at least a basic knowledge of first aid and three of the most valuable skills that you can learn are carrying out CPR, performing the Heimlich maneuver and dealing with fractures.

This doesn't mean of course that you're likely to have to use these skills frequently and most hikers will never need to use them at all. Nonetheless, it's a good idea to be prepared because if you find yourself with a companion who is choking to death while you sit eating your evening meal by the campfire in the middle of nowhere, the Heimlich maneuver might just be a life saver.

CPR

Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation is a technique used to re-start normal breathing and, while this is a fairly easy technique to learn, it is something that you need to learn at the hands of a skilled professional. There will almost certainly be classes available in your local area and your local hiking club will almost certainly either provide training for its members on a regular basis or have details of classes that you can attend. Such classes are normally quite short and are almost always free of charge.

If you find yourself with someone who is not breathing and you are able to do so you should call 911 or a local rescue team immediately and also shout loudly for help. You never know who is hiking on the trail near you and there might just be expert help close at hand.

Try to determine the cause of the problem. If the person concerned was swimming and needed to be dragged out of the water then you may need to clear water from their airway before you can start CPR. In this case, put them on their stomach and try to remove water by modest, short compression on the diaphragm, located above the stomach and below the chest.

Next, roll them onto their back and pinch the nose. Breath into the mouth, covering their mouth with yours and watching out of the corner of your eye for chest expansion. Then let go and tilt the body to allow for the expulsion of water. Repeat, giving two breaths of two seconds each.

If that has no effect, you should try chest compressions. Push down firmly along the sternum above the diaphragm. Repeat this five times, about once per second, and alternate between chest compressions and inflating their lungs.

The Heimlich maneuver

Food or other obstructions can interfere with breathing and the Heimlich maneuver is designed to remove foreign objects from the air passages.

Start by looking for obstructions in the throat which can be quickly and easily removed. If nothing is immediately visible then stand the person up and position yourself behind them. Put your arms around their body and grasp one wrist with the opposite hand so that the bone at the base of your thumb is against their body and just under the ribcage. Make sure that the person's head is tilted forward and down enabling gravity to work with you rather than against you.

Give a sharp, short, firm jerk inward against the diaphragm and repeat this several times if necessary watching for the object to dislodge. Be careful to insure that your hands are below the ribcage and pressing on the diaphragm and not the ribcage.

Bone fractures

Fractures can vary from a relatively minor and invisible toe break, which simply makes walking painful, to quite serious compound fractures and you should seriously consider taking a professional first aid course to enable you to deal with fractures. In advance of this, here are some general guidelines.

The most serious form of fracture is a compound fracture in which the bone is protruding from the skin. In this case, not only is the bone badly broken, but the rupture of the skin leaves an opening which is prone to infection.

Do not try to straighten the fracture but simply cover the wound with sterile gauze and get professional help as quickly as possible. If it is necessary to immobilize the limb, apply a splint to keep it at the same angle.

Get hold of a straight stick or use a piece of walking pole or other straight, rigid object and pad the splint well before wrapping it with an elastic roll bandage or medical tape. In the absence of supplies, look for a thin, strong vine to tie the splint to the limb and tie it firmly enough to hold it, but not so firmly that you cut off the blood supply to the limb.

In all cases, abandon your hike and seek professional medical help as quickly as possible

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